Cancer pain is a problem that is the main
focus in the management of cancer patients and can
develop from tumor invasion, musculoskeletal pain,
visceral pain, the effects of radiation treatment, or
neuropathy due to chemotherapy. The use of ketamine
given primarily by continuous sub-cutaneous infusion
(CSCI) has been used in cancer patients with palliative
care as an opioid adjuvant with one or more secondary
analgesics.
Objective: I reported 3 cases of cancer pain that received
intravenous ketamine and the pain improvements were
evaluated using Ramsay score.
Case: A 46-year-old woman, presented with complaints
of pain in the middle abdomen since 1 year and this
complaint has worsened in 1 week. The pain is getting
worse and can be felt intermittently, especially in the
middle of the abdomen and can spread throughout the
stomach, and pain is dull in nature. The patient admitted
that the frequency of pain felt more frequently since
before he was admitted to the hospital. The patient had a
history of morphine treatment for approximately 8
months and had received morphine 60 mg per day for
approximately 3 months. The patient received a
ketamine dose of 100 mg / 24 hours for 3 days and did
not report any complaints of side effects. Evaluation of
pain improvement occurred after 4 days with stable
hemodynamics and a Ramsay score score of 0 (zero).
This patient complained of back pain within 3 days.
Male 70 years with Squamous Cell Carcinoma Region
Hemithorax Dextra Post Wide & Deep Excition.
Postoperative pain in the right chest experienced by the
patient for about 2 weeks of SMRS. Initially the patient
had a lump in the chest since 2 years ago. The lump
appears as big as a corn kernels then the longer the lump
gets bigger. The lump then became sores and bleeding
since 1 year ago.The patient had a history of morphine
treatment for approximately 6 months and had received
morphine 60 mg per day for approximately 2 months.
Patients received a ketamine dose of 100 mg / 24 hours
for 1 day, a ketamine dose of 300 mg / 24 hours for 3
days and reported complaints of side effects such as
hypersalivation, nausea and vomiting. Evaluation of pain
improvement occurred after 2 days at a dose of 300 mg /
24 hours and was maintained for 3 days with stable
hemodynamics and a Ramsay score of 0 (zero). This
patient complained of back pain within 2 weeks.
52-year-old male with rabdomiosarcoma o / t (R) femur.
Patients experienced right thigh pain for approximately
2 weeks of SMRS. Initially the patient complained of a
lump on the right thigh since 1 year ago. The lump
appears as big as a corn kernels then the longer the lump
gets bigger. The lump then became sores and bleeding
since 1 year ago. History of weight loss (+).The patient
had a history of morphine treatment for approximately 1
year and had been receiving morphine 60 mg daily for
approximately 4 months. Patients received ketamine
doses of 100mg / 24 hours for 1 day, 300mg / 24 hours for
1 day and 500mg / 24 hours for 3 days and reported
complaints of side effects such as nausea, vomiting,
hypersalivation and having nightmares. Evaluation of
pain improvement occurred after 3 days at a dose of 500
mg / 24 hours and was maintained for 3 days with stable
hemodynamics and a Ramsay score score of 0 (zero).
This patient complained of back pain within 4 weeks.
Discussion: Ketamine as an opioid adjuvant is generally
considered to be effective in good pain control and can
reduce opioid dosage. Ketamine provides analgesic,
antidepressant, and psychomimetic effects through a
variety of routes. The main mechanism is as a
noncompetitive antagonist to phencyclidine binding of
the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors located in
the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the
prefrontal cortex and hippocampus which can decrease
the frequency of channel opening and the duration of
time spent active and open NMDA receptors are
channels with ligand-gated channels that are agonists
against major endogens such as glutamate, which is the
main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. The
results of this case report are consistent with two other
studies which found that ketamine can improve
morphine analgesia. In patients with suspected opioid
tolerance problems, ketamine may be a treatment
option.
Conclusion: This report shows that the continuous
administration of ketamine provides good effectiveness
as an alternative to cancer pain treatment that is not
effective against morphine administration
Keywords : Cancer Pain, Ketamine, Ramsay Score.